Automating operations of objects has made life easier and more convenient for billions of people, especially those with limited motor capabilities. On the other hand, even able-bodied users might not always be able to perform manual operations (e.g., both hands are occupied), and manual operations might be undesirable for hygiene purposes (e.g., contactless devices). As a result, automation systems like motion-triggered doors, remote-control window shades, contactless toilet lids have become increasingly popular in private and public environments. Yet, these systems are hampered by complex building wiring or short battery lifetimes, negating their positive benefits for accessibility, energy saving, healthcare, and other domains. In this paper we explore how these types of objects can be powered in perpetuity by the energy generated from a unique energy source - user interactions, specifically, the manual manipulations of objects by users who can afford them when they can afford them. Our assumption is that users’ capabilities for object operations are heterogeneous, there are desires for both manual and automatic operations in most environments, and that automatic operations are often not needed as frequently - for example, an automatic door in a public space is often manually opened many times before a need for automatic operation shows up. The energy harvested by those manual operations would be sufficient to power that one automatic operation. We instantiate this idea by upcycling common everyday objects with devices which have various mechanical designs powered by a general-purpose backbone embedded system. We call these devices, MiniKers. We built a custom driver circuit that can enable motor mechanisms to toggle between generating powers (i.e., manual operation) and actuating objects (i.e., automatic operation). We designed a wide variety of mechanical mechanisms to retrofit existing objects and evaluated our system with a 48-hour deployment study, which proves the efficacy of MiniKers as well as shedding light into this people-as-power approach as a feasible solution to address energy needed for smart environment automation.
